Metabolic
In human trials
NAD+ precursors (NR, NMN)
Popular supplements that raise NAD+, with modest and narrow human results so far.
How it works
NAD+ is a coenzyme for energy metabolism and for enzymes such as sirtuins; levels fall with age and obesity in rodents. Precursors such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) aim to restore it.
Hallmarks of aging targeted
Mitochondrial dysfunction · Deregulated nutrient sensing
What the evidence says
Honest about what is proven, and what is not.
In a 10-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial, NMN increased muscle insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women with prediabetes and overweight or obesity (Yoshino, Science 2021). Human trials to date are small and short and have not shown effects on aging outcomes. On September 29, 2025, the FDA confirmed NMN is not excluded from the US dietary supplement definition; that is a regulatory status, not evidence of benefit.
Key reference
Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229
Considering this for yourself?
Many longevity therapies are experimental, off-label or not FDA-approved for aging. A physician-guided evaluation weighs your labs, history and goals before anything is started.
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Foundations
Exercise and resistance training
The best-evidenced healthspan intervention we have: aerobic fitness plus strength.
Foundations
Sleep, nutrition and caloric restriction
Daily inputs that shape metabolic aging; the strongest data are for caloric restriction.
Metabolic
GLP-1 receptor agonists
Obesity and diabetes drugs with proven heart benefits and an open question on aging.